Question

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Quando usar a vírgula em inglês ?

Obrigado ! :]

Answer 1

1 - Vírgula depois de yes e de no:

Yes, I am.
Yes, certainly.
No, I don't.
No, of course not.

2 - Vírgula antes de uma question tag:

It's easy, isn't it?
He enjoys reading, doesn't he?
She's from London, right?

3 - Vírgula para separar milhares:

120,570
3,420,800
4 - Vírgula antes e depois de um aposto:

Rebecca, your sister, has just arrived.

Aqui, o aposto your sister acrescenta algo mais sobre Rebecca embora essa informação seja desnecessária.
Compare:

Your sister Rebecca has just arrived.

Aqui, o aposto Rebecca especifica qual das irmãs estamos a falar, e não emprega vírgulas.


5 -Vírgula antes e depois de uma oração relativa não-restritiva:

The boys, who had missed the train, didn't see the film.

= nenhum dos rapazes viu o filme
= todos eles perderam o comboio
Compare agora com uma oração relativa restritiva, que não emprega vírgulas:

The boys who had missed the train didn't see the film.

= somente os rapazes que perderam o comboio não viram o filme
= dos que não perderam o comboio viram o filme

6 -Vírgula para separar palavras numa lista:

Susan is pretty, young and intelligent.
John went to Spain, Portugal, Italy and Greece.

Em inglês britânico, a vírgula é normalmente omitida antes de and. Contudo, é por vezes necessário empregá-la para evitar certas ambiguidades.
Compare:

I like Portuguese food and wine.
(wine = vinho português)
I like Portuguese food, and wine.
(wine = vinho em geral, português inclusive)

7 -Vírgula em discurso directo:

"She is a good student," he said.
He said, "She is a good student."


8 - Vírgula para separar advérbios:

Finally, the train arrived.
However, the room is very comfortable.
Further, the patient's condition worsened.
By the way, have you seen Maggie?
9 -Vírgula para separar orações participiais (-ing e -ed):

Crossing the park yesterday, I saw a man attack a woman.
Having lost all his money, he went straight home.
Offended by his remarks, Jane left the room.
Taken completely by surprise, I didn't know what to do.

10 -Vírgula para separar orações condicionais (if-clauses):

If I see Maggie, I'll let you know.
If it hadn't rained, I would've gone to the cinema.

Para mais pormenores, veja Condicionais (punctuation).

11 -Vírgula para separar orações intercaladas:

Rome, as I was told, is rich in monuments.
His car, I can assure you, is in perfect condition.

12 -Vírgula para separar vocativos:

John, where are you?
Could you do me a favour, Maggie?

13 - Vírgula para separar orações ligadas por and:
(a) repetição do sujeito:

She got up, and then she left the room.

(b) introdução de um novo sujeito:

I opened the door, and my wife came in.

(c) omissão do sujeito na segunda oração e ausência da vírgula:

She got up and left the room.

isto é, o sujeito é o mesmo para ambos os verbos. 

14 - Vírgula para separar orações ligadas por but, or, nor, so, yet :

John likes football, but Mary likes tennis.
She can't be ill, or she would have called us.
He can't stay here, nor can he go home.
He missed the train, so he caught the bus.
He can't drive, yet he can't help thinking about buying a car.

15 -Vírgula para separar orações ligadas por as, since, for (desde que estas significam "porque"):

As I was late for work, I decided to catch a taxi.
Since I don't know you, I can't lend you the money.
After lunch he retired to his study, for he had an important letter to write. (1)