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The Berlin Games were the 10th occurrence of the modern Olympic Games.
The 1936 Olympics were held in a tense, politically charged atmosphere. The Nazi
Party had risen to power in 1933, two years after Berlin was awarded the Games, and
its racist policies led to international debate about a boycott of the Games. Fearing a
mass boycott, the International Olympic Committee pressured the German government
and received assurances that qualified Jewish athletes would be part of the German
team and that the Games would not be used to promote Nazi ideology. Adolf Hitler’s
government, however, routinely failed to deliver on such promises. Only one athlete of
Jewish descent was a member of the German team (see Sidebar: Helene Mayer:
Fencing for the Führer); pamphlets and speeches about the natural superiority of the
Aryan race were commonplace; and the Reich Sports Field, a newly constructed sports
complex that covered 325 acres (131.5 hectares) and included four stadiums, was
draped in Nazi banners and symbols. Nonetheless, the attraction of a spirited sports
competition was too great, and in the end 49 countries chose to attend the Olympic
Games in Berlin.
The Berlin Olympics also featured advancements in media coverage. It was the first
Olympic competition to use telex transmissions of results, and zeppelins were used to
quickly transport newsreel footage to other European cities. The Games were televised
for the first time, transmitted by closed circuit to specially equipped theatres in Berlin.
The 1936 Games also introduced the torch relay by which the Olympic flame is
transported from Greece.
Nearly 4,000 athletes competed in 129 events. The track-and-field competition starred
American Jesse Owens, who won three individual gold medals and a fourth as a
member of the triumphant U.S. 4 × 100-metre relay team. Altogether Owens and his
teammates won 12 men’s track-and-field gold medals; the success of Owens and the
other African American athletes, referred to as “black auxiliaries” by the Nazi press,
was considered a particular blow to Hitler’s Aryan ideals. See also Sidebar: Sohn Keechung: The Defiant One.
However, the Germans did win the most medals overall, dominating the gymnastics,
rowing, and equestrian events. Hendrika (“Rie”) Mastenbroek of the Netherlands won
three gold medals and a silver in the swimming competition. Basketball, an Olympic
event for the first time in 1936, was won by the U.S. team. Canoeing also debuted as
an Olympic sport.
The 1940 and 1944 Games, scheduled for Helsinki, Finland (originally slated for
Tokyo), and London, respectively, were canceled because of World War I

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