Question

PUBS AND THEIR SIGNS
The pub, people say, is the heart of British social life. More than just a place for drinking, it is a place where people gather to talk, to discuss, to do business. Each pub is distinguished by its name, usually displayed on a decorative sign hanging outside the building. Looking at these signs, we can get a fascinating glimpse into local history, as Andrew Rossiter reports
The history of the pub goes back a long way —
and of course much further than general literacy. It is only during the last century and a half that the majority of people in Britain have been able to read at least simple words; until then, any commerce wishing to identify itself, be it shop or tavern, had to make use of symbols or sign language. Yet while barbers' shops in Britain were all identified by red and white striped poles, and chemists' by large glass bottles of coloured water, the situation was diferent with pubs
In the olden days, many "inns" and "taverns", the predecessors of today's pubs, were catering for visitors and travellers, as well as local customers. The names they gave themselves, and the signs they hung up in the street outside their premises were not just for decoration, but served as publicity, and to clearly identify one pub or tavern from the other.
               While many of today's pubs are less than fifty years old, almost each one still has its own distinctive name, and in many cases a fine sign to go with it. The oldest named pub in Britain is the Trip to Jerusalem in Nottingham, an old inn beneath the castle, where mediaeval knights used to gather before setting out on the Crusades. Only a few English pubs, however, have names dating back more than three centuries. One of the more common names that does date back a long way is the Rose and Crown, a name first used just after the "Wars of the Roses" in the fifteenth century, when the House of Lancaster (emblem: a red rose) fought the House of York (emblem: a white rose) for the English crown. The name Rose and Crown has been a popular name for inns and pubs ever since.


A lot of older pubs have names reflecting local loyalties or loyalty to king and country. Inns situated near the homes of dukes and lords are frequently named after the duke's or lord's family name — especially when the duke or lord in question happened to own the inn, as was often the case. Thus a pub called the Norfolk Arms, whose sign shows a heraldic shield or the portrait of Duke, is likely to have been named after one of the Dukes of Norfolk (a title created in 1483).
   As Britain's population expanded in the nineteenth century, so did the number of pubs, many new pubs taking names to celebrate military victories or victorious commanders. Following the Battle of Waterloo, the Duke of Wellington became a popular pub name, and fine portraits of the "Iron Duke" still adorn many English pubs.
  Britain's status as an island nation is clearly illustrated by the large number of pubs called The Ship — not just in ports, but in inland towns as well. Each Ship has its own history; here the Ship was founded by a retired seaman, there it was an inn popular with seamen, and in other places just a nice name, though certainly not chosen without some justification. In some places, pubs are named after specific ships, or specific incidents related to the sea; two of the oldest pubs in England fall into this category, the Mermaid in Rye, named after the mythical figure half-fish, half-woman, about which sailors used to love "spining yarns"; and the Ship and Turtle in Chester, which seems to have been named after some mediaeval ancestor of today's mutant ninja heroes!

retire do texto 3 verbos no simple present, 2 verbos to be no presente, 1 verbo no present continuous, 3 verbos no present perfect, 3 verbos no infinitive, 2 verbos to be no passado, 2 subject pronouns e 4 verbos no simple past.

Answer 1

Resposta:

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